M. Jurak^{* *}Correspondence: M. Jurak, Department of Nuclear Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA, Email:

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The nuclear power industry has developed and trying to improve reactor innovation for further and over half a century and is beginning to develop the next generation of nuclear power reactors to replace future contracts. Some many generations of reactors are commonly distinguished. Generation I reactors were developed in 1950-1960s, and the other one shuttered in the UK in 2015. The current US and French fleets, as well as the majority of reactors in operation elsewhere, are all Generation II reactors. The advanced reactors discussed in this paper are referred to as Generation IV; however the differentiation from Generation I, II, and III is imprecise. The very first ones seem to be in execution in Asia and others are under construction in several countries. The concepts for Generation IV are still in the works and will not be operational until the 2020s. Reactors adapted from designs originally conceived for naval use generate about 85% of the world’s nuclear electricity. These and other nuclear power plants that are now in operation have been found to be safe and reliable, although they are being phased out in favor of more modern designs. A dozen new nuclear reactor designs are in advanced phases of planning or construction, while others are in the research and development stage, according to reactor suppliers in North America, Japan, Europe, Russia, China, and elsewhere. 4th reactors are still in the Research and Development (R&D) or conceptual phases.

Current commercial reactors are classified as “Generation III” or, for the most recently built reactors, “Generation IV.” Advanced nuclear reactor technologies are often referred to as “Generation IV” nuclear technology. The US Department of Energy launched the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) in 2000, and it was officially chartered in early 2002. It is an international group that represents the governments of 13 nations where nuclear energy is important now and in the future. The United States has the most nuclear reactors in operation on the planet. They have a combined capacity of 97,565 MW, and nuclear energy accounted for almost 20% of the country’s electrical generation last year. France has 58 nuclear reactors, which generate around 75% of the total electricity generation. Advanced reactors fall into several categories: advanced water-cooled reactors, which would ensure safety, efficiency, and other factors over existing commercial reactors; gas-cooled reactors, which would need graphite as a neutron moderator or have no moderator; liquid metal-cooled reactors, which would be cooled by liquid sodium or other metals and therefore have no facilitator; liquid salt reactors, which use fuel; and fusion reactors, which would results in the release across fusion. Almost all of these ideas have been investigated since the commencement of the nuclear age, and yet only a few, such as sodium-cooled reactors, were progressed to commercial size experiments, and those in the United States transpired decades ago.

The Light Water Reactor (LWR) has been the most popular reactor design in the current world, and it would most certainly stay the primary nuclear power technology through the mid-twentieth century. This study examines the circumstances that led to massive LWRs becoming the global standard, as well as the reasons why just a few other types of reactors, such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Fast Neutron Reactors (FRs), have been placed into operation. It is a general engineering premise that traits and flaws cannot always be discovered on paper, and it is critical to acquire lessons from actual building, operation, and maintenance experiences. Customers preferred LWRs because these employ basic modules including water, concrete, and stainless steel, allowing utilities and vendors to encourage the improvement of materials and operating conditions by exchanging the insights of many reactors around the world, including some fatal crashes. If SMRs, FRs, and other novel reactors ought to fall into line, it is critical to consider not only the developer’s point of view but also the customer’s point of view, such as cost and demand reliability.

Advanced reactor designs vary in strength from less than 15 MW-1,500 MW or more. The ideal reactor size may indeed be altered by the specific characteristics of a specific architecture in various circumstances. In some cases, the size is decided by the needs of the customer or the location. The increased focus on compact reactor designs is a commonality throughout many unconventional reactor concepts. According to the department of energy, advanced SMRs with a capacity of 300MW or less “employ configurable construction method, ship critical parts from factory fabrication locations to the plant site by rail or truck, and include designs that simplify reduce the number of plant assembly-related operations on the plant site. The smallest of them, with a thermal energy output of under 20 MW, are micro reactors. As stated before, the bulk of nuclear reactors in operation in the United States have a capacity of 1,000 MWe or over.