M.Bergen^{* *}Correspondence: M.Bergen, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, Email:

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One of the biggest challenges in medicine has long been finding effective therapies to combat viral infections. There were not many options available to treat bacterial infections prior to the discovery of antibiotics. The mortality brought on by this infection was cut in half by these therapies. But when antibiotic chemotherapy was developed in the 1930s of the 20th century, serum therapy was dropped in favour of antibiotic therapy because of its greater efficacy and lower toxicity. It’s interesting to note that resistant bacteria quickly emerged once antibiotics were widely used. The bulk of these infections, including Multidrug Resistant (MDR) forms of pneumococcus, share a common characteristic of resistance to numerous medications. The spread of resistance has occasionally become a severe global problem, notably with enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum -lactamases and Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus (MRSA). Due to their notable selectivity towards the bacterial pathogen, their low potential for resistance de- velopment, and their capacity to work in concert with antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies have recently been advocated as an alternative for treating MDR diseases.

Impact of Vaccination against Antibiotic Resistance in Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines have been suggested as promising intervention techniques to stop the spread of MDR strains, which are resistant to antibiotics. In fact, current vaccines against significant diseases like S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae type b may help lessen the burden of antibiotic resistance. The decline in MDR serotypes following the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations is among the greatest examples. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic interventions against infections caused by S. pneumoniae have changed this pathogen’s resistance profile. Pneumococcal vaccinations, such as PCV7 and later PCV10 and PCV13, protect against the most prevalent serotypes that are antibiotic-resistant by including the capsular polysaccharides of the primary se-rotypes causing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD). Although PCV13 is also recommended for adults, these vaccines were first launched at the turn of the century to encourage immuniza- tion against the paediatric population. The widespread use of these vaccines resulted in a considerable reduction in the incidence of IPD brought on by serotypes contained in the vaccines, as well as a drop in the prevalence of serotypes resistant to antibiotics. As a result, PCV7 and later PCV13 clearly affected the epidemiology of clinical isolates recovered from adults who had paediatric immunization in an indirect manner.

Another illustration is the immunization against H. influenzae type b, which has decreased the overall morbidity and mortality caused by this bacterium and has shown a connection to the decline of ampicillin-resistant strains. The influenza vaccine and its ability to lessen the effect of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections that affect the respiratory system provide as additional proof. Numerous studies have shown potential connections between the influenza virus and other respiratory bacterial pathogens, including S.aureus, H. influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Neisseria meningitidis despite the fact that the interaction of the influenza virus with a bacterial specimen with S. pneumoniae has received the most attention. The subsequent infection by some of the bacterial pathogens indicated above which in some cases may harbour significant levels of antibiotic resistance, may be reduced if the influenza virus is prevented from spreading using vaccination techniques. Immunomodulatory Effects of Antibiotics.

The outcome of the antibiotic therapy may be in jeopardy if strains with significant levels of an- tibiotic resistance arise. Due to the presence of serum proteins and elements of the host immune response, antibiotics exert their activity against bacteria in vivo in a more complex manner than they do under in vitro settings. A pathogen-induced induction of immunity that is mediated by antimicrobial medications can be used to explain immunomodulation. In this regard, albumin and globulins limit free-drug plasma concentrations, which impair the anticipated antibacterial in vitro effect, but immunoglobulins and complement components can enhance the activity of -lactam antibiotics. Only if there is a high level of binding to plasma proteins is this effect meaningful (more common in cephalosporins than in penicillins). However, other authors have shown that the presence of binding proteins did not affect the anti-pneumococcal activity of cefditoren (CDN), a high binding protein cephalosporin, using a pharmacodynamic simulation under physiological conditions with levels of binding proteins comparable to those found in humans. The direct action of -lactam antibiotics against the pathogen is how they demonstrate their antibacterial effectiveness. Even with the proper antibiotic therapy, IPD is linked to sig- nificant rates of morbidity and mortality. Immunocompromised patients frequently exhibit a lack of antibiotic efficacy, which suggests that the recovery of these patients depends on the cooperative action of antibiotics and host defence mechanisms.