S. Inac^{* *}Correspondence: S. Inac, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Ankara Oncology Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, Email:

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1. Description

White blood cells are the primary targets of the malignancy leukaemia. Leukocytes, often known as white blood cells, combat infections. A spongy substance found inside the bones called bone marrow produces platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. When a person has leukaemia, their bone marrow produces ineffective white blood cells. These aberrant cells are unable to keep the body clean of pathogens. They overcrowd the bone marrow, enter the bloodstream, and have the potential to migrate to the lymph nodes, brain, or liver, among other body organs.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) in children is a form of malignancy where the bone marrow overproduces immature cells (a type of white blood cell). Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets can all be impacted by leukaemia. Childhood ALL risk is influenced by prior cancer therapy and specific genetic factors. Childhood ALL symptoms include fever and bruising. Children with ALL are diagnosed through blood and bone marrow tests. Many factors affect the prognosis (chances of recovery) and treatments that are available. A healthy child’s bone marrow produces blood stem cells, which are immature cells that eventually develop into mature blood cells. Myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells can develop from blood stem cells.

One of three types of mature blood cells can be produced from a myeloid stem cell:

• Red blood cells, which transport oxygen and other substances to all body tissues.
• Granulocytes, which are white blood cells that aid in the defence against disease and infection
• Platelets, which aid in the prevention of bleeding by creating blood clots.

One of three types of lymphocytes (white blood cells) are produced from a lymphoid stem cell, including

• B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies to aid in the fight against infection.
• T cells, which assist B lymphocytes in producing the antibodies necessary to combat infection.
• Natural killer cells that go after viruses and cancerous cells.

The following are the primary warning signs and symptoms of paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia:

Anaemia: When the bone marrow becomes too congested with leukaemia cells, it becomes impossible to create healthy red blood cells, resulting in anaemia. The youngster that is anaemic might sleep more, be more worn out, appear pale, and have racing heartbeats. A blood count will show fewer red blood cells than usual (expressed as “haemoglobin” or “haematocrit”).

Bleeding: Bleeding can happen when the bone marrow cannot create enough platelets, particularly when the platelet counts are less than 10-20,000/mm³. A youngster who has low platelets may bruise or bleed more easily.

Joints and bones pain: The presence of leukemic blasts in the bone marrow often causes pain in the bones and joints.

Lymph nodes with swelling: Blood is filtered by lymph nodes. In the nodes, leukaemia cells frequently build up and swell. Lymph nodes in the neck, under the arms, in the groyne, and in the chest swell. It might be challenging to discern between lymph nodes associated with leukaemia and those that are a typical aspect of the body’s reaction to an infection or allergy.

Breathing challenges: Cells can group together in the thymus gland, located under the breastbone and around the throat, in leukaemia, particularly T-cell ALL. Breathing issues may result from this collection of cells. Any coughing, wheezing, or painful or difficult breathing has to be treated by a doctor very away.