C. Zhang^{* *}Correspondence: C. Zhang, Department of Orthopedics, University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR, China, Email:

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1. Description

Osteosarcoma is a rare type of bone cancer that typically affects children and adolescents. The disease can be highly aggressive and can spread quickly, causing serious damage to the affected bone and surrounding tissues.

1.1. Causes of osteosarcoma

The causes of osteosarcoma are not entirely understood, but researchers believe that genetic mutations and environmental factors may play a role in its development. Children who have hereditary retinoblastoma, a rare form of eye cancer, are at an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. Additionally, exposure to radiation therapy can also increase the risk of developing bone cancer, including osteosarcoma.

In some cases, osteosarcoma can be linked to a history of bone trauma. Children who have previously suffered from bone fractures or have had metal implants in their bones may be at an increased risk of developing osteosarcoma. However, it is important to note that most children who have experienced bone fractures or have had metal implants do not develop bone cancer.

1.2. Symptoms of osteosarcoma in children

The symptoms of osteosarcoma can vary, but the most common sign is pain in the affected bone. The pain may be mild at first, but it can become more intense over time. Swelling and tenderness in the affected area may also be present, and the affected bone may feel warm to the touch.

As osteosarcoma progresses, it can affect the child’s mobility. They may experience limited range of motion, difficulty walking, or a noticeable limp. In some cases, the affected limb may appear shorter than the unaffected limb.

It is important to note that some children with osteosarcoma may not experience any symptoms. However, if you notice any changes in your child’s mobility, pain, or swelling, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider.

1.3. Diagnosis of osteosarcoma in children

If your child is experiencing symptoms of osteosarcoma, your healthcare provider may recommend imaging tests to determine the presence of a tumour. X-rays, MRI, CT scans, and bone scans can all be used to diagnose osteosarcoma. Your healthcare provider may also order a biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of bone tissue to examine it for cancer cells.

Once a diagnosis of osteosarcoma has been made, your healthcare provider will determine the stage of the cancer based on the size of the tumour, whether it has spread to nearby tissues or organs, and if it has metastasized to other parts of the body.

1.4. Treatment options for osteosarcoma in children surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

Treatment for osteosarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The primary goal of treatment is to remove the tumour and prevent it from spreading to other parts of the body. Surgery is usually the first step in treatment for osteosarcoma. The surgeon will remove the tumour and a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it to ensure that all cancer cells are removed. In some cases, amputation may be necessary to remove the affected limb. However, limbsparing surgery is preferred whenever possible.

Chemotherapy is typically given before and after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and prevent the cancer from spreading. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be used to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumour before surgery.

1.5. Prognosis for osteosarcoma in children

The prognosis for osteosarcoma in children can vary depending on the stage of the cancer, the location of the tumour, and the overall health of the child. Children with early stage osteosarcoma have a better prognosis than those with advanced-stage cancer. The five year survival rate for children with localized osteosarcoma is approximately 70%, while the five year survival rate for those with metastatic osteosarcoma is approximately 20%.

It is important to note that survival rates are just estimates and do not predict the outcome for any individual child. Your healthcare provider can provide you with more information about your child’s specific prognosis and treatment options.